![]() The pattern and course of childrens posttrauma reactions are influenced by the type of traumatic experience and its consequences, child-intrinsic factors including prior trauma or loss, and the posttrauma physical and social environments. Trauma-exposed children can exhibit a wide range of posttrauma reactions that vary in their nature, onset, intensity, frequency, and duration. 4 – Children can exhibit a wide range of reactions to trauma and loss. Secondary adversities, trauma reminders, and loss reminders may produce significant fluctuations in trauma survivors posttrauma emotional and behavioral functioning. Childrens exposure to trauma reminders and loss reminders can serve as additional sources of distress. These adversities and life changes can be sources of distress in their own right and can create challenges to adjustment and recovery. The cascade of changes produced by trauma and loss can tax the coping resources of the child, family, and broader community. ![]() ![]() Traumatic events often generate secondary adversities such as family separations, financial hardship, relocations to a new residence and school, social stigma, ongoing treatment for injuries and/or physical rehabilitation, and legal proceedings. 3 – Traumatic events often generate secondary adversities, life changes, and distressing reminders in children’s daily lives. For example, both child-intrinsic factors such as prior history of loss, and child-extrinsic factors such as poverty may act as vulnerability factors by exacerbating the adverse effects of trauma on childrens adjustment. Both child-intrinsic and child-extrinsic factors influence childrens experience and appraisal of traumatic events expectations regarding danger, protection, and safety and course of posttrauma adjustment. Child-extrinsic factors include the surrounding physical, familial, community, and cultural environments. Child-intrinsic factors include temperament, prior exposure to trauma, and prior history of psychopathology. 2 – Trauma occurs within a broad context that includes children’s personal characteristics, life experiences, and current circumstances.Ĭhildhood trauma occurs within the broad ecology of a childs life that is composed of both child-intrinsic and child-extrinsic factors. The degree of complexity often increases in cases of multiple or recurrent trauma exposure, and in situations where a primary caregiver is a perpetrator of the trauma. Events (both beneficial and adverse) that occur in the aftermath of the traumatic event introduce additional layers of complexity. The nature of children’s moment-to-moment reactions is strongly influenced by their prior experience and developmental level. Children’s thoughts and actions (or inaction) during various moments may lead to feelings of conflict at the time, and to feelings of confusion, guilt, regret, and/or anger afterward. Children may consider a range of possible protective actions during different moments, not all of which they can or do act on. Trauma-exposed children experience subjective reactions to these different moments that include changes in feelings, thoughts, and physiological responses and concerns for the safety of others. These moments may include varying degrees of objective life threat, physical violation, and witnessing of injury or death. 1 – Traumatic experiences are inherently complex.Įvery traumatic event, even events that are relatively circumscribedis made up of different traumatic moments. The 12 Core Concepts were developed by the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Although many of us may experience reactions to stress from time to time, when a child is experiencing child traumatic stress, these reactions interfere with his or her daily life and ability to function and interact with others. Child traumatic stress occurs when children and adolescents are exposed to traumatic events or traumatic situations that overwhelm their ability to cope. ![]() The 12 Concepts can help you better understand and assist trauma-exposed children.
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